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| Thérèse Bonney during WWII, via Library of Congress |
On Saturday, I participated in a the first of two panel discussions in support of the wonderful new exhibit at the
NYPL, A Century of Art. Part of the larger centenary of the Schwarzman building
on 42nd and 5th, this exhibit displays one print or
photograph from the collection for each year, from 1911 to 2011. As a scholar
affiliated with the Wertheim Study, I was invited to speak on one image and I
chose an amazing fashion photograph from 1926. I don’t have permission to show
you the picture, but I thought you might be interested in my description of it
and of what it signifies. The second panel, in which five additional scholars
speak for ten minutes each on five other prints or photographs will be on Friday,
December 9, 2011, 2 - 3:30 p.m. It’s a lovely, friendly format, so do you’re
your calendars and go!
When Jay
Barksdale sent around the list of images to be included in this exhibit, I knew
immediately that, if I were to speak, it would be on this image, although I
didn’t see it until last week. After all, it’s an image made by a woman, about
fashion, from 1926, and my current project is a textual edition of Virginia
Woolf’s 1925 novel Mrs. Dalloway, a novel about an upper class London
woman who goes shopping and throws a party. But when I saw the image, I gasped
with shocked delight. Not having known her work before, how could I have
guessed that Thérèse Bonney had created an image that captures at once a very
specific moment in women’s fashion and, at the same time, would be at home in a
window at Sak’s today?
My expertise is
not photography or fashion, but literature and history, and, in the brief time I
have today, I want to talk about the caption, the photo, and a little bit about
the photographer itself. I should say
here that, as the prints department is not even 100% sure of the artist, I do
not know the source or author of the caption, nor where, if anywhere, this
image originally appeared. The full caption is an amazing bit of 1920s
fashion writing:
What London wears—The continental way of being
economical—Rubbers for legs—fold into a dainty little package and easily left
in escort’s coat pocket. Ingenious way of keeping silk stockings clean.
For copywriters in the 1920s, as today, London prides itself on being glamorous,
signaled here by the word “continental,” and practical. What London wears is,
in fact, not from London at all, but an import from Europe. However, cautious
Londoners need not fear—these rubber stocking covers are economical as well. As
high fashion as the photograph is, the caption itself brings us squarely into
the world of advertising. The rest of the caption flirts with sexuality.
“Rubber” as slang for a condom goes back to 1913 but it has been chiefly North
American slang. Still, the idea of sex, of the ways in which we clothe our
bodies to conceal and reveal possibilities of intimacy, hovers throughout this
silly little bit of prose. The caption contains within it the narrative of a
date: these removable little stocking covers slip off and into a pocket, but
not your pocket, your date’s. The image of a young woman, balancing on
one leg, her hand, perhaps, on her escort’s shoulder for balance, as she
unclasps the three hooks on each rubber, folds them into their “dainty little
package,” and hands them to him for safekeeping would have been impossible
before the war. And then, the next line, “ingenious way of keeping silk
stockings clean,” implies that the same daring woman who would wear these
rubbers is also one who worries about her laundry. This is a modern woman,
sexy, confident, and living on her own. She is like T. S. Eliot’s typist, home
at teatime, her drying combinations strewn about her flat. She is not like the
protagonist of Dorothy Richardson’s 1915 novel Pilgrimage, a young
boarding school teacher who worries, in a panic, about how to do her hair, for
it’s still wet from having been forced to shampoo it just before dinner.
The idea of galoshes as dangerously contintental, as a French letter
for the feet, shows up in a wonderful scene from James Joyce’s 1914 story, “The
Dead”:
"O, but you'll never guess what he
makes me wear now! … Galoshes!" said Mrs. Conroy. "That's the latest.
Whenever it's wet underfoot I must put on my galoshes. Tonight even, he wanted
me to put them on, but I wouldn't. The next thing he'll buy me will be a diving
suit."Gabriel laughed nervously and patted his
tie reassuringly, while Aunt Kate nearly doubled herself, so heartily did she
enjoy the joke. The smile soon faded from Aunt Julia's face and her mirthless
eyes were directed towards her nephew's face. After a pause she asked:"And what are goloshes,
Gabriel?""Goloshes, Julia!" exclaimed
her sister "Goodness me, don't you know what goloshes are? You wear them
over your... over your boots, Gretta, isn't it?""Yes," said Mrs. Conroy.
"Guttapercha things. We both have a pair now. Gabriel says everyone wears
them on the Continent."
Gretta Conroy’s
last remark—that everyone wears them on the Continent—is the beginning of an
end for her husband Gabriel who, over the course of the evening, will be
exposed for preferring Europe to Ireland, for being in danger of being left
behind, both by his wife’s memories of a boy from the West and by his female
colleague’s commitment to the Irish language and the Irish Free state. The
rubbers of 1914 are not the same as the ones shown here.
Galoshes do not
figure in Mrs. Dalloway, but another kind of tube for the extremities
does: gloves. The original first line of Mrs. Dalloway was not “Mrs. Dalloway
said she would buy the flowers herself” but “Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy
the gloves herself.” And the 1923 short story “Mrs. Dalloway in Bond Street”
which began Woolf’s serious return to Clarissa Dalloway as a possible
protagonist (She had been a minor character in an earlier work) contains an
extended meditation on the decline of gloves since the war. In that story,
Clarissa’s preoccupation with gloves is part of the sharper satire on her—she’s
a much less sympathetic figure in the story than in the novel—so, she thinks
“It would be intolerable if dowdy women came to her party!” and then wonders
“Would one have liked Keats if he had worn red socks?” Woolf uses Keats, a
great poet revered across England, as a crucial barometer: the notion that
one’s opinion of a poet might alter if his socks were not quite so is as
shallow to Woolf’s ears as to ours. So when, in the next paragraph, Clarissa
forges a connection with the shop girl over the old gloves, “With pearl
buttons… perfectly simple—how French!,” we are reminded of how a certain kind
of woman still judges others’ value by the correctness of her accessories.
For Joyce,
galoshes are a way that a middle-aged husband protects his wife from a chill.
For Woolf, gloves are a sign of a middle-aged wife’s continuing care for
propriety. The rubbers that London wears in this 1926 photograph are something
else entirely. And to turn from the ways in which Joyce and Woolf ironize the
bourgeois preoccupations of the prior generation to Bonney’s photograph is to
suddenly feel a breath of fresh air, to feel the breathing room that modernity
opened up for women.
If
the caption flirts cloyingly, the photograph itself is less shy. It is also
art. We see a pair of long, slim legs, crossed just above the ankle, in
medium-heeled Mary Janes, with a button strap. The strap and the opening of the
shiny black shoes are piped with a thin strip of leather in a paler shade. The
spat-like galoshes hook under the heel and fasten three times in the front,
leaving large gaps up the shin between buttons. The rubbers hardly look like a
practical solution to walking in rainy streets. Surely the splash of a mud
puddle is as likely to hit the front of a leg as the back. In Woolf’s short
story, Mrs. Dalloway remembers how “old Uncle William used to say” that “A lady
is known by her gloves and her stockings” (26). That old saw, still current
today, about the telling signs of a woman’s accessories, applies here in ways
that might shock Clarissa, for the story that these rubbers tell is not about
class or breeding but about modern glamour.
One of the most
important facts about these rubbers is how they remind us that this London
woman is no longer wearing dresses down to her ankles. Her skirts would have
come down just below her knees and her legs are now on display. But the display
itself participates in a distinctively twenties aesthetic. The overall effect
is glamorous rather than practical. Both sexy and abstract, the rubbers create
three additional pale ovals up the white leg, echoing the oval created by the
strap itself. If you go to the gallery upstairs, you’ll see that next to this
photograph, the Delaunay print, representing 1924, and the Man Ray photograph
representing 1925 both feature studies of circles and curved forms. The
designer of these rubbers, the model, and Thérèse Bonney have collaborated to
create in three dimensions, on a woman’s leg, a design that echoes the clean
lines and pure shapes of avant garde art of the period.
In her recent
book Glamour in Six Dimensions Judith Brown argues that the world of glamour and of high modernism are not so far
apart. We should not, she insists, see a divide between consumerism and art,
but notice instead a shared aesthetic delight in abstract forms and clean
lines. The Bonney photograph absolutely participates in the phenomenon that
Brown describes and it’s an exciting reminder of how fast the world was
changing in 1926: just the year before, Woolf published a novel in which
Clarissa laments that her daughter doesn’t care about gloves, but now, that
lament is tinged with a kind of pride. At the party, one of Clarissa’s elderly
guests notes to herself how the young girls’ gowns are short, tight, and
straight, a look she finds unflattering. And the very next year time, in Paris,
designers are making rubbers to market to the modern Londoner so she can
protect her stockings and show off her legs.
The photographer is presumed to be Mabel Thérèse Bonney (limited access link, sorry) and, as I have learned in the past few days, she is very much
worth more of our attention. Bonney was born in Syracuse in 1894. Educated at the
University of California, and Harvard, she earned a doctorate at the Sorbonne.
During the 1920s, she and her sister published a series of books about French
cooking and fashion for American and English readers and this photograph looks
to be part of that phase of her career as a photographer: gorgeous editorial
fashion work.
She returned to New York in 1935 to become director of the new Maison
Française, a gallery in Rockefeller
Center dedicated to fostering better cultural understanding between France and
the United States. That work
sent her back to Europe and, while in Finland in November 1939 to photograph
preparations for the 1940 Olympic
Games, she instead became the only photojournalist at the scene of the
Russian invasion of Finland. Her war photography was exhibited at the Library of Congress and published in books as War Comes to
the People (1940) and Europe’s Children (1943). Her concept for a film about children displaced by war became the Academy
Award- winning movie, The Search (1948). She died in France in 1978.
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